Which fluoroscopic quality issues are not caused by the design of the image intensifier?

Lag refers to a delay in image capture or processing that can occur due to the hardware or software used in imaging systems, but it is not directly tied to the design of the image intensifier itself. Lag is often related to factors such as the refresh rate of the display, the processing time of the image data, or the response time of the detector, rather than the inherent design features of the image intensifier.

In contrast, noise, S-shaped distortion, and blooming are all directly influenced by the design and operational characteristics of the image intensifier. Noise can result from electronic components and the way images are processed within the system. S-shaped distortion is a geometric distortion that occurs due to the curvature of the input or output surfaces in the image intensifier design. Blooming occurs when there is excessive exposure or brightness in an area of the image which the design of the image intensifier cannot adequately handle, leading to overflow of signal.

Understanding these distinctions is crucial for professionals working with image intensifiers, as it helps in identifying and addressing specific quality issues.